We appreciate the three articles in the April 2004 issue of Anesthesiology regarding GW280430A.1–3Although remarkable advances in developing intermediate and short-acting muscle relaxants were realized, anesthetists have not yet been provided with a substance comparable to succinylcholine in terms of its rapid onset and ultrashort-acting pharmacodynamic profile.

However, this aim should not be lost. A survey in Germany4revealed that, despite its undesirable side effects, succinylcholine is still the most used drug for both rapid sequence inductions5and for elective case induction.6An overwhelming majority (76.6%) of respondents answered that they would appreciate a nondepolarizing substitute for succinylcholine if a similar pharmacodynamic profile was preserved. Assuming that this is not an isolated German viewpoint, a substance replacing succinylcholine would be highly desirable.

The developers and the researchers have a great responsibility when introducing a new drug into clinical practice, particularly in neuromuscular blocking drugs.7Dr. Caldwell addresses this issue in his editorial when he compares the side effects of rapacuronium and GW280430A.8Because we were involved in the clinical evaluation of rapacuronium,9–11we would like to comment on some relevant aspects of the side effect profiles of both drugs and on the drug approval processes. First, in clinically relevant concentrations, rapacuronium potentates bronchoconstriction most probably by destabilization of the balance between M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors.12In contrast, GW280430A seems to release histamine3and therefore may possibly induce bronchoconstriction. Second, although many antihistaminic drugs and prophylactic strategies are available, an effective treatment to rebalance the muscarinic effects of rapacuronium was and is still missing. Third, because rapacuronium did not release histamine,13because different M2 versus  M3 muscarinic effects of muscle relaxants were unknown at that time, and because clinical symptoms of the pulmonary side effects differed from those seen during typical bronchoconstriction,12the clearly described dose-dependent pulmonary side effects (from 10.7% with 1.5 mg/kg rapacuronium to 18.5% with 2.5 mg/kg rapacuronium)9,10may have been questioned—unfortunately until patients were badly harmed. Therefore, we agree with Dr. Caldwell that the recent experience with rapacuronium must be considered during the trials with GW280430A, e.g. , by in addition investigating its effects on M2 and M3 receptors. The fiasco with rapacuronium, however, must not induce pessimism if new drugs and especially GW280430A may have the potency to improve anesthesia practice.

GW280430A was, of course, not compared with rapacuronium, but it was also not compared to succinylcholine.1–3Regardless, the hope that GW280430A will be a substitute for succinylcholine has been advanced8with this first presentation. Expectations that this new drug will approximate the rapid onset of succinylcholine may in high doses, high injection speeds, and, therefore, the risk for high incidences of side effects. The presentations1–3primarily suggest that GW280430A may be an ultrashort-acting rather than a rapid-onset muscle relaxant.

Unfortunately, preclinical and clinical trials to approve new drugs are expensive, and, in this context, the substance to be replaced is already very cheap. Nevertheless, we (and many other anesthetists4–6) would like to encourage the recent attempts to develop better muscle relaxants (or reversal drugs, e.g. , Org 2596914) to improve safety and efficiency of neuromuscular treatment during anesthesia.

* Klinik für Anästhesie und Intensivtherapie der Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany. geldner@mailer.uni-marburg.de

1.
Savarese JJ, Belmont MR, Hashim MA, Mook RA Jr, Boros EE, Samano V, Patel SS, Feldman PL, Schultz J-AI, McNulty M, Spitzer T, Cohn DL, Morgan P, Wastila WB: Preclincal pharmacology of GW280430A (AV430A) in the rhesus monkey and in the cat: A comparison with mivacurium. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:835–45
2.
Heerdt PM, Kang R, The’ A, Hashim M, Mook RJ Jr, Savarese JJ: Cardiopulmonary effects of the novel neuromuscular blocking drug GW280430A (AV430A) in dogs. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:846–51
3.
Belmont M, Lien C, Tjan J, Bradley E, Stein B, Patel S, Savarese J: Clinical pharmacology of GW280430A in humans. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:768–73
4.
Blobner M, Sohnel AM, van de Roemer A, Bachmann H, Geldner G, Hofmockel R, Fuchs-Buder T, Diefenbach C, Ulm K: Anwendung von Muskelrelaxanzien in Deutschland. Eine Umfrage an Deutschen Anasthesieeinrichtungen. Anaesthesist 2003; 52:427–34
5.
Hofmockel R, Geldner G, Diefenbach C, Fuchs-Buder T, Ulm K, Blobner M: Die Anwendung von Muskelrelaxanzien zur Blitzintubation in Deutschland. Anaesthesist 2003; 52:516–21
6.
Geldner G, Fuchs-Buder T, Hofmockel R, Diefenbach C, Ulm K, Blobner M: Anwendung von Muskelrelaxanzien zur Routineeinleitung in Deutschland. Anaesthesist 2003; 52:435–41
7.
Goudsouzian NG: Rapacuronium and bronchospasm. Anesthesiology 2001; 94:727–8
8.
Caldwell J: The continuing search for a succinylcholine replacement. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:763–4
9.
Blobner M, Mirakhur RK, Wierda JM, Wright PM, Olkkola KT, Debaene B, Pendeville P, Engbaek J, Rietbergen H, Sparr HJ: Rapacuronium 2.0 or 2.5 mg kg-1 for rapid-sequence induction: comparison with succinylcholine 1.0 mg kg-1. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85:724–31
10.
Sparr HJ, Mellinghoff H, Blobner M, Nöldge-Schomburg G: Comparison of intubating conditions after rapacuronium (Org 9487) and succinylcholine following rapid sequence induction in adult patients. Br. J. Anaesth 1999; 82:537–41
11.
Geldner G, Lang C, Hoffmann W, Hossfeld A, Weinberger J, Eble M, Blobner M: Spontane und induzierte neuromuskuläre Erholung nach gleich langer Relaxierung mit Rapacuronium und Mivacurium. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2003; 38:594–9
12.
Jooste E, Klafter F, Hirshman CA, Emala CW: A mechanism for rapacuronium-induced bronchospasm: M2 muscarinic receptor antagonism. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:906–11
13.
Levy JH, Pitts M, Thanopoulos A, Szlam F, Bastian R, Kim J: The effects of rapacuronium on histamine release and hemodynamics in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1999; 89:290–5
14.
Epemolu O, Bom A, Hope F, Mason R: Reversal of neuromuscular blockade and simultaneous increase in plasma rocuronium concentration after the intravenous infusion of the novel reversal agent Org 25969. Anesthesiology 2003; 99:632–7