..., intracranial arterial dissections, amyloid angiopathy, bleeding diatheses, and illicit drug use (cocaine and amphetamines). Intracranial aneurysms are estimated to occur with a prevalence of 3.2% in the general population. 5 The global incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is 2 to 16 per 100,000...

... cardiac toxicity. High-dose insulin provides benefit in experimental models of bupivacaine toxicity 42 , 43 and is used in emergency rooms for other drug overdoses. 61 In particular, calcium channel blocker (CCB) overdose is associated with a functionally hypoinsulinemic state (due to inhibition...

... mechanism is “partitioning,” in which lipid acts as an intravascular “sink,” causing decreased effect-site concentrations. Partitioning has been proposed as a mechanism for several lipid-soluble drugs (local anesthetics, calcium channel blockers, β-blockers, etc .) whose toxicity has been treated...

... generic treatment for cardiac pharmacotoxicity resulting from overdose of local anesthetics and a variety of other drugs. Despite a number of published clinical reports 37 , 48–52 showing a beneficial effect of ILE in combating toxicity from various categories of drugs ( i.e ., calcium channel blockers...

... syndrome: ECG findings identify genotypes. Circulation 2000; 102:2849–55. Drug-induced QTc prolongation is because of prolongation of the I Kr current via   drug effect on the HERG (KCNH2 or LQT2 I Kr ) channel. Therefore, the electrocardiographic manifestations of drug-induced QTc prolongation...

... smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1996 ; 271 : 16047 – 52 5. Duan W , Wong WS : Targeting mitogen-activated protein kinases for asthma. Curr Drug Targets 2006 ; 7 : 691 – 8 6. Fujitani Y , Bertrand C : ET-1 cooperates with EGF to induce mitogenesis via a PTX...

... drug for treating neuropathic pain, inhibits N-type voltage-gated calcium channels as its presumed mechanism of action In rats, intrathecal ziconotide blocked neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1r) internalization, a measure of substance P release from small primary afferents Surprisingly, other...

.... These include models showing a benefit of lipid in treating overdose of tricyclic antidepressants, β-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. However, the first use of lipid emulsion therapy in treating nonlocal anesthetic drug toxicity was described by Sirianni et al.  , 11 who reported on the remarkable...

... was observed in mepivacaine-treated aorta ( fig. 2C ). All drugs were of the highest purity available commercially. N   ω -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, acetylcholine, and verapamil were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Ropivacaine and levobupivacaine were donated by AstraZeneca (North Ryde, Australia...

... of diuretics exacerbates this change. Therefore, hydrophilic drugs have a smaller volume of distribution and, for a given dose, a higher plasma concentration. This will generate a greater pharmacologic effect. Morphine, for example, has a volume of distribution in the elderly that is only half...

... such as calcium channel blockers, mannitol, and prostaglandin E have also been used intraarterially for treating vasospasm ( fig. 12 ). Other drugs, such as adenosine, have been proposed for the treatment of vasospasm and, despite their significant vasodilator effects, have not yet been used in clinical settings...

... on APD. 10 Drug-induced prolongation of cellular APD and induction of torsades de pointes ventricular arrhythmia is often caused by high-affinity block of the delayed rectifying K + current I Kr . 13 The channel underlying I Kr is encoded by the human ether-a-go-go  -related gene (HERG). 14,15 High...

... endothelial cells or NO from nitrergic nerves to vascular smooth muscle cells. In the   third square from the left   (for endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS]), the transmembrane influx of Ca 2+ and its mobilization from intracellular storage sites are elicited by activation of drug receptors (R...

... 311. Christ G, Wingard C: Calcium sensitization as a pharmacological target in vascular smooth-muscle regulation. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:920–33 312. Salamanca DA, Khalil RA: Protein kinase C isoforms as specific targets for modulation of vascular smooth muscle function in hypertension...

... administration of verapamil to some patients with severe LV outflow obstruction and heart failure with increased filling pressures. There are few data available regarding use of other calcium channel blockers such as diltiazem. The negative inotropic and type I-A antiarrhythmic drug disopyramide...

... for decades been the primary pharmacological agents used for pain control via   spinal administration. Morphine is the most widely used drug for chronic intrathecal infusion. Because of its undesirable side effects at therapeutic concentrations, numerous studies have been undertaken to find other medications...

... resistance. Their hypothesis was that intracarotid verapamil, a calcium channel-blocking drug that augments cerebral blood flow and reverses arterial spasm, would decrease both the proximal-conductance and the distal-arteriolar resistance. Methods Coaxial catheters were transfemorally floated into internal...

... of unscheduled clinician interventions, the amount of drug administered, and the degree of lower extremity motor block.1 The purpose of this study is to compare PCEA to CIEA for maintenance of labor analgesia using ultralight (< 0.125% bupivacaine) local anesthetic solutions as all previous studies to date...

... pharmacologically with bupivacaine. Each drug could be acting selectively at their respective binding sites to affect Na + and Ca ++ influx. However, the interaction could be more complex. In addition to blocking Na + channels, local anesthetics have been shown to bind 1,4-dihydropyridine Ca ++ channels and depress...

... the efficacy of the α 2 agonist clonidine with the tetracyclic antidepressant mianserin, a drug possessing significant α-adrenergic blocking activity, in patients with tension and migraine headaches. The investigators found that whereas mianserin decreased headache frequency and intensity in both groups at 90...