Fig. 3. Expression of antiinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL] 4 and 10) 4 h after induction of anesthesia (open bars) and at the end of surgery (hatched bars) in nonsmokers (NS, n = 15), former smokers not smoking for 6–12 months (6–12, n = 15), for 3–5 months (3–5, n = 13), for 2 months (2, n = 13), and current smokers (S, n = 15). *Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) from the nonsmokers at each time point. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. mRNA = messenger RNA; G3PDH = glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase.