Table 1. Potential Confounding Factors

Ten male and ten female volunteers each participated on one control and one AESA day; each value is thus the mean (± SD) of twenty studies. Crossover was defined by the transition from movement to no movement in response to noxious electrical stimulation. Values were compared with 2-tailed, paired t  tests. There were no statistically-significant differences between the treatment days.

AESA = auricular electrically stimulated analgesia.