Fig. 9. Age-related difference in the effect of volatile anesthetics on Na⁺–Ca²⁺exchange (NCX)-mediated Ca²⁺efflux. Both anesthetics inhibited absolute Ca²⁺efflux (A ), as well as rates normalized for intracellular Ca²⁺concentration (B ) to a greater extent in neonatal myocytes compared with adults (C  and D ). *Difference from control; §age-related differences; †difference between 1 and 2 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC); ‡difference between halothane and sevoflurane. Values are mean ± SD.