Fig. 2. Time course of immediate and delayed protective effects of isoflurane pretreatment on cell survival (A ) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (B ) in bovine pulmonary endothelial cells (BPEC), human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC), and rat vascular smooth muscle (RVSM) cells. Number sign  denotes that cell survival or LDH release is no different than in cells exposed to cytokines only. Asterisk  denotes that delayed protective effects are equal to immediate protective effects. Controls are for cells not exposed to isoflurane or cytokines using the immediate protocol. Cytokines are for cells exposed only to cytokines using the immediate protocol. Data are mean ± SD (n = 6). Significance was considered as P < 0.05.