Fig. 4. Neurocognitive outcome as evaluated daily from postexperimental days 3–12 after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) by visuospatial learning with the Morris water maze. The results are the sum of four latencies, which are the time for animals to find the platform based on four trials of each day (mean ± SD, n = 10). The analysis of variance shows that the sham, CPB + MK801, and CPB + xenon groups have a significant statistically difference when compared with CPB group, respectively (CPB vs.  sham: F = 18.2, P < 0.0001; CPB vs.  CPB + MK801: F = 20.7, P < 0.0001; CPB vs.  CPB + xenon: F = 21.6, P < 0.0001). Multiple comparisons measured with the Student-Newman-Keuls test, followed by analysis of variance, show a significant difference when compared with the CPB group at 3 and 4 days after postoperative day (P < 0.001).