Fig. 2. For patients with indications 2 or 3 of fig. 1, determine if the patient is amenable to perioperative use of a β-adrenergic blocker. If so, institute perioperative β-adrenergic blockade. If not, one can consider cardiology consultation (CC). When a β-adrenergic blocker is started perioperatively, one should assure an appropriate follow-up with the patient's primary physician, internist, or cardiologist, so that the medication may be continued on a long-term basis, if indicated.