Fig. 1. Time-dependent inhibition of thromboxane A²(TXA²) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling by local anesthetics in Xenopus  oocytes. (A ) Time course for the effect of bupivacaine (1.2 μm) on TXA²signaling (n = 22). TXA²receptors were stimulated with U-46619 (specific TXA²receptor agonist, 0.32 μm). (B ) Time course for the effect of bupivacaine (450 μm) on LPA signaling (n = 25). LPA responses were elicited by stimulation of endogenous LPA receptors with LPA (0.6 μm). (C ) Time course for the effect of lidocaine (590 μm) on LPA (0.6 μm)–evoked responses (n = 25). Inhibition was determined at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min and at 4, 8, 24, and 48 h and is shown as mean ± SD of responses (n ≥ 22 for each data point) normalized to control responses, incubated for the same duration in plain Barth solution.