Fig. 10. Voltage dependence of activation and inactivation curves normalized to the maximum conductance or current of control group. Closed circles =control; open triangles =0.1 mm lidocaine perfusion; open squares =1 mm lidocaine perfusion. Lines show the steady state activation or inactivation curve fitted to Boltzmann relations. Shaded square shows the membrane potential range of the window current. Gray arrow shows the direction of membrane potential change from the resting membrane potential (−60 mV) to approximately −20 mV after 1 mm lidocaine perfusion.