Fig. 1. Distal temperature (°C) of lactated Ringer’s solution (LR) and erythrocytes (RBC) at the point where fluid would enter the patient. Proximal erythrocyte temperature was (mean ± SD) 16.5 ± 2°C. Proximal crystalloid temperature was 19.2 ± 1.2°C. Gravity flow from a height of 6 feet was 68 ± 10 ml/min, and distal temperature was 37.8°C. A minimum of 40 measurements were made for each flow (total of 1,216 measures).