Fig. 2. Numeric pain scale (NPS; from 0 to 10) in the three groups before drug administration (T0) and 45 min after (T45). Box plots are represented as the median and 25th–75th percentiles (  box ), 10th–90th percentiles (  bars ), and outliers (  circles ). Analgesia at T45 was lower (although not significant) in the nefopam group than in the other groups, likely because the starting dose was far from the median effective dose in this group, leading to ineffective analgesia for the first patients (  fig. 3 ).