Fig. 5. (  A ) Effect of the lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), on lidocaine-treated dorsal root ganglion cell cultures. (  B ) Time response of the protective effect of lipoxygenase inhibition. Inhibition of lipoxygenase is neuroprotective when NDGA is added within 1 h after incubation with lidocaine. (  C ) Western blot analyses of p38 and activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in pheochromocytoma cells after incubation with 40 mm lidocaine for 4 h or 40 mm lidocaine and 30 μm NDGA for 4 h, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *  P < 0.05, **  P < 0.01, ***  P < 0.001. n ≥ 3 cultures per group. ctr = control; Lido = lidocaine; ns = not significant.