Fig. 2. Method for measuring the degrees of passive shoulder elevation and external rotation. (  A ) For elevation, the patient’s arm against the side of the body defined 0°, and elevation increased as the arm was raised in the sagittal plane (without elbow flexion). (  B ) For external rotation, the measurement was performed with the elbow at the patient’s side and the forearm at a 90° angle with the upper arm. The patient’s hand directly in front of the elbow defined 0°, and external rotation increased with lateral hand motion.