Fig. 2. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) ( A ) and MMP-9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) ratio ( B ) at different times in patients receiving lactated Ringer's solution, 3.4% poligeline, or hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 during major abdominal surgery. ( C ) Changes in oxygen arterial partial pressure/inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio (Pao2/Fio2) in patients receiving lactated Ringer's solution, 3.4% poligeline, or hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 as volume replacement therapy during major abdominal surgery. Data are expressed as mean ± SE ( A and B ) and mean ± SD ( C ). * P < 0.05 relative to baseline. # P < 0.05 relative to other groups.