Fig. 2. Latency in minutes to find the hidden platform in the Morris water maze test presented as mean ± SEM (see Materials and Methods for details) in the following treatment groups: SHAM = sham surgery; HEM = sham surgery + hemorrhage; TBI = fluid percussion injury; THS = TBI + hemorrhage + normal saline resuscitation; THH = TBI + hemorrhage + hypertonic saline resuscitation; THA = TBI + hemorrhage + l-arginine in hypertonic saline resuscitation. THH and THA groups performed better earlier after injury compared with TBI and THS. Rats were tested on postinjury days (PIDs) 11–15 (* P < 0.05 vs . PID 11 within group; @ P < 0.05 vs . same day HEM).