Timeline diagram of experimental procedures.Ais premedication with 20 mg oral midazolam and application of topical lidocaine in the nose in the awake experiment, Bis placement of arterial catheter for determination of plasma volume by indocyanine green and insertion of a venous line, Cis induction of anesthesia, andDis placement of an esophageal Doppler probe.Closed arrowsindicate blood sampling for hemoglobin concentration, andopen arrowsindicate blood sampling for hormones.