Fig. 1. Example of the data cleaning and template matching process. The initial raw data stream in the boxed list on the  left displays the full sequence of time stamp/location/event statements as extracted from the indoor positioning system (IPS). Data are cleaned to remove redundant and uninformative events, resulting in the boxed list in the  middle . This cleaned data stream is then mapped onto clinical areas and matched to the established workflow process template, resulting in the short boxed list on the  right . ACC = ambulatory care center; OR = operating room; PACU = postanesthesia care unit; SDSU = same-day surgery unit.