Fig. 1.
Experimental paradigm. Adult male rats were outfitted with electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) electrodes, and EEG/EMG was recorded for a 48-h period before anesthesia induction for sleep scoring. Animals were then administered an induction dose of isoflurane, followed by a maintenance dose of 2% isoflurane in oxygen for 60 min. At the cessation of isoflurane, intravenous flumazenil (0.4 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of saline was administered, and the animal was placed in the long-term EEG/EMG recording chamber. Emergence characteristics (EEG wake, eye blink, and ambulation) were measured. EEG/EMG was recorded for at least 48 h postoperatively for quantitative electroencephalography analysis and sleep scoring. FLZ = flumazenil; SAL = saline.

Experimental paradigm. Adult male rats were outfitted with electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) electrodes, and EEG/EMG was recorded for a 48-h period before anesthesia induction for sleep scoring. Animals were then administered an induction dose of isoflurane, followed by a maintenance dose of 2% isoflurane in oxygen for 60 min. At the cessation of isoflurane, intravenous flumazenil (0.4 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of saline was administered, and the animal was placed in the long-term EEG/EMG recording chamber. Emergence characteristics (EEG wake, eye blink, and ambulation) were measured. EEG/EMG was recorded for at least 48 h postoperatively for quantitative electroencephalography analysis and sleep scoring. FLZ = flumazenil; SAL = saline.

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