Venn diagram of molecular proteins associated with neuroprotection in isoflurane (italics) and sevoflurane (underlined) in the filament model of focal cerebral ischemia in rats and mice. Akt = protein kinase B; ARE = antioxidant response element; Bax = Bcl-2–like protein 4; Bcl-2 = B-cell lymphoma 2; COX = cyclooxygenase; CTMP = carboxy-terminal protein; ERK = extracellular signal-related kinases; GSK-3β = glycogen synthase kinase 3β; H₂O₂ = hydrogen peroxide; HES = hairy and enhancer of split; HIF = hypoxia-inducible factor; HO-1 = hemoxygenase-1; Hsp = heat shock protein; Iκβ-α = nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in β-cells inhibitor, alpha; IL = interleukin; Kir6.2 = mitochondrial potassium adenosine triphosphate channel component; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; miRNA = micro-RNA; mPTP = mitochondrial permeability transition pore; MyD88 = myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; NDRG2 = n-myc downstream regulated gene 2; NF = nuclear factor; NO = nitric oxide; NOS = nitric oxide synthase; Notch-1 = gene encoding members of the type-1 transmembrane protein family; NQ01 = quinidine oxidoreductase 1; Nrf2 = nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor; p38 = mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; PI3K = phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PKC = protein kinase C; SPK2 = sphingosine kinase 2; TLR4 = Toll-like receptor 4; TNFα = tumor necrosis factor-α; TREK = TWIK-related (two-pore domain) K⁺ channel; TWIK = type 1 weak inward rectifying potassium channel; Ubc9 = ubiquitin conjugase 9; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.