The ratio of values for clearance to the typical value (log scale) are displayed as a function of hepatic (left) and renal impairment (right) in surgical patients (excluding subjects from two studies). For subjects with normal hepatic or renal function, values are displayed as a box plot. For the other groups, individual values are displayed as circles, color-coded to indicate whether subjects with hepatic impairment had renal impairment and vice versa; the median value is displayed with a horizontal line. For each of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total bilirubin, and serum creatinine, “normal” was defined as a value less than the upper limit of normal for that test. For alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase, “mild” was defined as a value greater than the upper limit of normal but less than or equal to three times the upper limit of normal; “moderate” was defined as value greater than three times the upper limit of normal but less than or equal to five times the upper limit of normal; and “severe” was defined as a value greater than five times the upper limit of normal. For bilirubin, “mild” was defined as a value greater than the upper limit of normal but less than or equal to 1.5 times the upper limit of normal; “moderate” was defined as a value more than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal but less than or equal to three times the upper limit of normal; and “severe” was defined as greater than three times the upper limit of normal. For each subject, the most severe of these individual criteria was used to define “hepatic impairment.” Renal impairment was based on serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate calculated with the Cockcroft–Gault equation (“normal”: creatinine less than upper limit of normal; “mild”: creatinine greater than upper limit of normal and glomerular filtration rate greater than 60 ml/min; “moderate”: glomerular filtration rate between 30 and 60 ml/min; and “severe”: glomerular filtration rate at most 30 ml/min).