Effects of recombinant human arterial natriuretic peptide (ANP) initiated at 18 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. (A) Schematic of the timeline of the experiment. (B) Changes in urine flow rate. Administration of human arterial natriuretic peptide with fluid resuscitation (LPSFH) failed to increase urine flow rate compared to LPS with fluid resuscitation only (LPSF; n = 5). (C) Time for Lucifer yellow to achieve the distal nephron, as tubular flow rate. The time to visualize distal nephron lumens by Lucifer yellow was categorized into five groups as shown on the x-axis, and percentage of red arrows per total distal nephron number in each category was set as the y-axis. Administration of human arterial natriuretic peptide with fluid resuscitation failed to increase tubular flow rate (n = 5).