Figure 3. Comparison of the inotropic effects of desflurane in papillary muscles from healthy hamsters, on isometric active force (AF) normalized per cross-sectional area; in control conditions (n = 10), after [small alpha, Greek]- and [small beta, Greek]-adrenoceptor blockade (n = 6, propanolol 1 [micro sign]M and phentolamine 1 [micro sign]M), or after pretreatment with reserpine (n = 6, 10 mg/kg). Desflurane concentrations are reported in vol%. Data are mean +/− SD. P values refer to differences between groups. NS, not significant.