Figure 1. (A) During control conditions, pinch stimuli led to increasing pain ratings during one stimulus (by analysis of variance [ANOVA]; P < 0.001) and increasing pain rating with repetitions (ANOVA; P < 0.001). Systemic administration of lidocaine significantly attenuates inflammatory hyperalgesia during each single pinching stimulus when compared with placebo ([dagger] P < 0.05, [dagger][dagger] P < 0.001, [dagger][dagger][dagger] P < 0.001 for the first, second, and third stimulation, respectively; treatment x time effect; by ANOVA). Scheffe's post hoc tests revealed significant differences in pain ratings during the last 30 s of the second stimulus and during the last 45 s of the third stimulus (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; by ANOVA and Scheffe's post hoc tests). (B) Administration of lidocaine in the intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) setting significantly attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia during the first pinch stimulus ([Dagger] P < 0.01, for the first stimulation; treatment x time effect; by ANOVA). Scheffe's post hoc tests revealed significant differences between pain ratings in the last 30 s of the stimulus (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; by ANOVA and Scheffe's post hoc tests). Because of the limited time of ischemia, only one pinching stimulus could be applied in the IVRA setting.