Fig. 5. The levels of superoxide are higher in bcl-x L–expressing than β-galactosidase–expressing astrocytes. Superoxide was significantly higher in bcl-x L–overexpressing cells than mock-infected controls or β-galactosidase–expressing controls. The levels of superoxide decreased about 40% after 7 h glucose deprivation in each group but were still higher in bcl-x L–expressing cells. Superoxide values were standardized against the amount of protein. #= significant difference from mock-infected control and β-galactosidase–expressing control ( P < 0.05, n = 12).