Fig. 7. Effects of Ca²⁺–calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) inhibitors on isoflurane-increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 level. KN-93, KN-62 = CaMKII inhibitors by competing with calmodulin binding sites; Iso = isoflurane at 3%; pERK1/2 = phosphorylated ERK1/2. Mean ± SD (n = 4–10). pERK1/2 levels are expressed as a percentage of the control (100%). *P < 0.05 compared with the control; #P < 0.05 compared with 3% isoflurane. The isoflurane-increased pERK1/2 level (*, A  and B ) was significantly reduced by the CaMKII inhibitors, 10 μm KN-93 (#, A ) and 10 μm KN-62 (#, B ).