Fig. 10. (A ) Effect of curcumin on tetracaine-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. PC12 cells were incubated with (curcumin) or without (control) 10 μm curcumin for 1 h and then treated with 1 mm tetracaine for indicated times. LDH activity released in the media was analyzed. Data are mean ± SD from three different experiments, each performed in triplicate. *P < 0.05 versus control at the same time points. (B and C ) Effects of curcumin on tetracaine-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Curcumin-incubated PC12 cells were exposed to 1 mm tetracaine for 1 h, and phosphorylation of JNK (B ) or ERK (C ) was analyzed.