Fig. 1. Theoretical example of the applied parameters for evaluating the pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics model applied for each group. (Upper ) Graph shows a group I example (plasma compartment controlled target-controlled infusion (TCI) at target concentration (C^T) = 5.4 μg/ml, Marsh model. 24(Middle ) Graph shows a group II example (effect compartment–controlled TCI at C^T= 5.4 μg/ml, biophase model using Marsh kinetics 24and a k^e0of 180.20 min⁻¹). (Lower ) Shows a group III example (effect compartment–controlled TCI at C^T= 5.4 μg/ml, biophase model using Marsh kinetics 24and a time to peak effect of 1.6 min). 19Cp^MAX= maximum-reached calculated plasma concentration during infusion; t^eq= time (s) necessary for equilibration between predicted plasma propofol concentration calculated from the Marsh pharmacokinetics [Cp^CALC] and predicted effect-site propofol concentrations calculated from the Marsh pharmacokinetics and the estimates of k^e0[Ce^CALC]; t^peak= time (s) necessary for reaching maximal drug effect (lowest bispectral index [BIS]); t^error= t^eq− t^peak; BIS at t^peak.