Table 3. Bias, Precision and Relative Error of NICO and CCO against BCO at Four Operative Stages

Data were collected from 28 patients and expressed as bias ± precision (1 SD of bias). Differences against BCO were statistically analyzed with repeated measure ANOVA. Relative error (%) is defined as [either (NICO or CCO) − BCO]/BCO and expressed in mean ± SD and is not subject to statistical analysis.

*P < 0.05 vs.  after anesthetic induction.

BCO, CCO, and NCO = bolus thermodilution, continuous thermodilution, and noninvasive cardiac output; declamp = at reperfusion of unilateral iliac artery; Endop = during peritoneal closure; Postinduction = after anesthetic induction; XC = during aortic cross-clamping.