Fig. 3.
Mechanisms of electroacupuncture inhibition of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Symbols + and − respectively represent enhancement and inhibition. ATF-2 = activating transcription factor-2; CB2R = cannabinoid 2 receptor; CORT = corticosterone; COX-2 = cyclooxygenase-2; EAA = excitatory amino acid; GABA = γ-aminobutyric acid; ICAM-1 = intracellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-6 = interleukin-6; IL-1β = interleukin-1β; LC = locus coeruleus; NE = norepinephrine; NMDAR = N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; N/OFQ = nociceptin/orphanin FQ; NRM = nucleus raphe magnus; PAG = periaqueductal grey; p-Akt = phosphorylated Akt; PGE2 = prostaglandin E2; p-GluN1 = phosphorylated GluN1; SP = substance P; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α; 5-HT1AR = 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors.