Fig. 2.
Resolvin D1 (RvD1) decreases the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and increases the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG). (A–D) The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β1 in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horns were quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (n = 5/group). There was a significant increase in the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β (each P < 0.001) and a decrease in the mRNA level of TGF-β1 (P < 0.001) in the vehicle group. The mRNA expression of IL-10 was increased in rats with the application of nucleus pulposus to the L5 DRG (P = 0.04). Intrathecal administration of RvD1 (10 or 100 ng) dose-dependently decreased the mRNA production of TNF-α (P = 0.012; P < 0.001) and IL-1β (P = 0.002; P < 0.001) and up-regulated the mRNA levels of IL-10 (P = 0.004; P < 0.001) and TGF-β1 (P = 0.029; P < 0.001). The fold change in the sham group was set at 1 for quantifications. (E–H) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed for quantification of protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β1 in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horns (n = 5/group). There was a significant overexpression of TNF-α and IL-1β (each P < 0.001) and a low expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 (each P < 0.001). Intrathecal injection of RvD1 (10 or 100 ng) dose-dependently decreased the protein levels of TNF-α (P = 0.022, P < 0.001) and IL-1β (P = 0.017, P < 0.001) and up-regulated the protein production of TGF-β1 (P = 0.01, P < 0.001). The level of IL-10 was also increased in the 100-ng group (P < 0.001) but not significantly in the 10-ng group (P = 0.056). (I–L) Protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β1 in the DRGs evaluated by ELISA (n = 5/group). In the vehicle group, the protein productions of TNF-α and IL-1β were increased markedly (each P < 0.001), and the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were decreased (each P < 0.001). Intrathecal delivery of RvD1 (10 or 100 ng) down-regulated the expression of TNF-α (P = 0.019, P = 0.001) and IL-1β (P = 0.028, P = 0.001). The protein levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were up-regulated in the 100-ng group (P = 0.046, P = 0.026) but not significantly in the 10-ng group (P = 0.816, P = 0.287). Data are presented as mean ± SD (*P < 0.05 vs. sham group; **P < 0.01 vs. sham group; #P < 0.05 vs. vehicle group; ##P < 0.01 vs. vehicle group).

Resolvin D1 (RvD1) decreases the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and increases the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG). (A–D) The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β1 in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horns were quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (n = 5/group). There was a significant increase in the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β (each P < 0.001) and a decrease in the mRNA level of TGF-β1 (P < 0.001) in the vehicle group. The mRNA expression of IL-10 was increased in rats with the application of nucleus pulposus to the L5 DRG (P = 0.04). Intrathecal administration of RvD1 (10 or 100 ng) dose-dependently decreased the mRNA production of TNF-α (P = 0.012; P < 0.001) and IL-1β (P = 0.002; P < 0.001) and up-regulated the mRNA levels of IL-10 (P = 0.004; P < 0.001) and TGF-β1 (P = 0.029; P < 0.001). The fold change in the sham group was set at 1 for quantifications. (E–H) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed for quantification of protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β1 in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horns (n = 5/group). There was a significant overexpression of TNF-α and IL-1β (each P < 0.001) and a low expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 (each P < 0.001). Intrathecal injection of RvD1 (10 or 100 ng) dose-dependently decreased the protein levels of TNF-α (P = 0.022, P < 0.001) and IL-1β (P = 0.017, P < 0.001) and up-regulated the protein production of TGF-β1 (P = 0.01, P < 0.001). The level of IL-10 was also increased in the 100-ng group (P < 0.001) but not significantly in the 10-ng group (P = 0.056). (I–L) Protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β1 in the DRGs evaluated by ELISA (n = 5/group). In the vehicle group, the protein productions of TNF-α and IL-1β were increased markedly (each P < 0.001), and the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were decreased (each P < 0.001). Intrathecal delivery of RvD1 (10 or 100 ng) down-regulated the expression of TNF-α (P = 0.019, P = 0.001) and IL-1β (P = 0.028, P = 0.001). The protein levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were up-regulated in the 100-ng group (P = 0.046, P = 0.026) but not significantly in the 10-ng group (P = 0.816, P = 0.287). Data are presented as mean ± SD (*P < 0.05 vs. sham group; **P < 0.01 vs. sham group; #P < 0.05 vs. vehicle group; ##P < 0.01 vs. vehicle group).

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