Fig. 7. Maximum values of biochemical markers after anesthesia (top ;A –E ) and average values during 7 days after anesthesia (bottom ;F –J ). Individual (open symbols) and mean ± SD values (closed symbols) are shown. Note the logarithmic scale used in A –D  and F –I . The dotted line represents the upper limit of the reference range. There were significant differences in the maximum urinary excretion of protein (A ) and albumin (B ) after anesthesia between the low-flow sevoflurane (LS) and the other three groups (low-flow sevoflurane plus probenecid [LSP], high-flow sevoflurane plus probenecid [HSP], high-flow sevoflurane [HS]) and N -acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG;E ) after anesthesia between the LS and the HSP groups. There were significant differences in the average urinary excretion of protein (F ) between the LS and the other three groups (LSP, HSP, HS); both albumin (G ) and glucose (I ) between the LS and the HSP, HS groups; and both β²-microglobulin (H ) and NAG (J ) between the LSP and LS groups. †P < 0.05, ††P < 0.01 compared with the LS group.