Visual predictive check (VPC) plots. (A) Mean arterial blood pressure and (B) heart rate versus time. Solid black line indicates 50 percentiles, and dashed black lines indicate 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of observation. Shaded area indicates 95% prediction interval. The VPC plot confirms the adequacy of model predictions, showing no apparent deviations between model and data. The 95% CI and median for observed data lies within the predicted intervals obtained by simulation.