Two level hierarchical “topoplot-of-topoplots” for delta-band Granger causality (expressed as normalized values). For both the large composite topoplot and each small individual channel topoplot, the view is from the top of the head, oriented with the nose at the top and left hemisphere displayed on the left of the figure (i.e., neurologic convention). The small topoplots at each electrode position shows the strength of the information flow (mean relative Granger causality) from that electrode to every other electrode for the delta frequency range. Three sets of topoplots are shown, with time relative to loss of behavioral response.