Study work flow. A total of 148 mice were allocated to survival analysis (n = 60), invasive hemodynamic monitoring by left ventricular catheterization under general anesthesia (n = 46), or noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) without general anesthesia (n = 42). Distinct animals were therefore used for survival, left ventricular catheterization, and TTE. Survival analysis was assessed 30 and 60 h after cecal ligation and puncture in all 60 mice dedicated to survival analysis and randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 20), atenolol (n = 20), or ivabradine (n = 20). Left ventricular catheterization and TTE were assessed 20 h after sham operation or cecal ligation and puncture, with randomization to receive placebo, atenolol, or ivabradine in case of cecal ligation and puncture. The randomization list of cecal ligation and puncture mice involved the replacement of animals who died before hemodynamic assessment, to achieve the target number of 10 mice/group). Among 46 mice dedicated to invasive hemodynamic monitoring, 6 died before left ventricular catheterization (including 1 with cecal ligation and puncture receiving placebo, 2 with cecal ligation and puncture receiving atenolol, and 3 with cecal ligation and puncture receiving ivabradine) and could not be explored, whereas 40 mice underwent left ventricular catheterization, including10 sham-operated mice and 30 cecal ligation and puncture mice receiving placebo (n = 10), atenolol (n = 10), or ivabradine (n = 10). Among 42 mice dedicated to noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring, 2 with cecal ligation and puncture receiving placebo died before TTE and could not be explored, whereas 40 mice underwent TTE, including 10 sham-operated mice and 30 cecal ligation and puncture mice receiving placebo (n = 10), atenolol (n = 10), or ivabradine (n = 10). cath, catheterization; CLP, cecal ligation and puncture; LV, left ventricular.