Glymphatic transport in the hippocampus of rats anesthetized with dexmedetomidine plus isoflurane (DEXM-I) and isoflurane. (A) Average scatter plots of hippocampal time signal curves (TSC) from rats anesthetized with DEXM-I (blue) in comparison with rats anesthetized with pure isoflurane (red). The hippocampal TSC data can be divided into three time periods based on the kinetics: t₁ = 0 to 12.3 min presents the period of delay from the time of contrast infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid until the contrast reaches the hippocampus region; t₂ = 12.3 to 61.5 min presents the period of glymphatic contrast transport where influx is greater than clearance; and t₃ = 61.5 to 160 min present the period where glymphatic contrast clearance is dominating. The linear regression parameters of the average hippocampal clearance profiles from the two groups (DEXM-I, blue; and isoflurane, red) are shown in (B). Data are presented at mean ± SD. ISO = isoflurane.