Fig. 2.
Brief Pain Inventory before surgery and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Douleur Neuropathique 4 questionnaire scores 3 months after surgery. Pain interference at 3 months after surgery was assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory (sleep disturbances, general activity, mood, work, relations with others, walking, and enjoyment of life). The Brief Pain Inventory measures pain severity and interference. Pain severity is measured by four items: worst pain, least pain, average pain in the last 24 h, and pain now. The seven interference items (sleep disturbance, general activity, mood, work, relations with others, walking, and enjoyment of life) are assessed on a 0 to 10 scale, with 0 being “did not interfere” and 10 being “interfered completely.” Three subscale scores can be generated: Pain Interference Total Score (the average score of all seven items), physical interference (the average score of work, general activity, and walking), and affective interference (the average score of relations with others, enjoyment of life, and mood). The complete figure with all items is in the appendix. (A–D) Brief Pain Inventory, item 5: before surgery and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. (E) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: anxiety score 3 months after surgery. (F) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: depression score 3 months after surgery. (G) Douleur Neuropathique 4 questionnaire score equal to or higher than 4 evaluated 3 months after surgery. (H) Brief Pain Inventory—Pain Interference Total Score: seven interference items (sleep disturbances, general activity, mood, work, relations with others, walking, and enjoyment of life) 3 months after surgery.