Fig. 3. Numbers of extracellular signal–regulated kinase phosphorylation (pERK)–stained neurons in the superficial dorsal horn (laminae 1 and 2) after bath-applied exposure of capsaicin (3 μm) with or without bupivacaine (0.5–5 mm). ++  P < 0.01 compared with control; *  P < 0.05, **  P < 0.01 compared with capsaicin without bupivacaine.