Fig. 1. Patient flowchart. ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; IV = intravenous; PACU = postanesthesia care unit; PCA = patient-controlled analgesia; PEF = peak expiratory flow; P^Emax= maximum expiratory pressure; RFA = ropivacaine, fentanyl, adrenaline; SF-36 = Short Form-36.