Fig. 5.  Isoflurane attenuates beating cell cluster oxygen consumption. The rates of oxygen consumption in contracting cell clusters after the addition of incremental isoflurane (Iso) concentration were normalized to baseline values. At the higher concentrations, isoflurane attenuated oxygen consumption. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP; 100 μM) and cyanide (CN⁻; 2 mM) were added to establish maximal and minimal rates of oxygen consumption. *P < 0.05 versus  baseline.