Fig. 3. Hippocampal-dependent memory is impaired after anesthesia or surgery. Contextual conditional response, a form of hippocampal-dependent memory, was assessed in separate groups of mice as % freezing time on days 1 (n = 14/group), 3 (n = 11), and 7 (n = 11) after surgery. Treatment groups are control (C), anesthesia (A), and surgery (S). Percent freezing time on day 1 (A ). Percent freezing time on day 3 (B ). Percent freezing time on day 7 (C ). Values are mean ± SEM. Significant differences are expressed as follows: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001; ***P < 0.0001. Hsp72-Tg = heat shock protein 72 transgenic; WT = wild-type C57BL6.