Fig. 1.  Isoflurane exposure increases RhoA activation in DIV5 neurons in vitro . Primary neurons (4–7 days in vitro , DIV4–7) were exposed to 1.4% isoflurane (Iso) for 15, 30, and 120 min with and without pretreatment with TAT-Pep5. Immunoblot analysis (A ) demonstrated that RhoA was enhanced at both 30 and 120 min after isoflurane exposure (n = 3; # P = 0.0052 vs.  basal, ## P = 0.005 vs.  basal) compared with control (Ctrl). Pretreatment with TAT-Pep5 (15 min; 10 μm) significantly decreased isoflurane-mediated RhoA activation at both 30 and 120 min (n = 3; *P = 0.0088 vs.  isoflurane 30, **P = 0.0304 vs.  isoflurane 120). (B ) Quantitation of the data. An immunoblot showing that the RhoA band (∼23–25 kDa) corresponds to the His-Tag RhoA–loaded control (C ). RhoA values were normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Error bars, SEM.