Fig. 2. The time-dependent changes of the intraalveolar concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (A ), interleukin (IL)-1β (B ), IL-6 (C ), and IL-8 (D ) in patients undergoing one-lung ventilation and open thoracic surgery. Data are given as medians, ranges, and interquartile ranges (25 to 75 percentile). The black dots indicate the outliers in each group. The symbol * indicates differences within a single study group, and # marks differences between the propofol and both volatile anesthesia patient groups. BAL = bronchoalveolar lavage; Post-op = postoperatively; Pre-op = preoperatively.