Fig. 1. Methylphenidate decreases time to emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. Rats inhaled isoflurane (1.5%) for a total of 45 min and received normal saline or intravenous (IV) methylphenidate (5 mg/kg, solid arrow ) 5 min before removal from the anesthetizing chamber (dashed arrow ). Time to emergence was defined as the time from termination of isoflurane to return of righting (i.e. , all four paws touching the floor) (A ). Scatter plot of time to emergence for rats that received normal saline versus  IV methylphenidate (5 mg/kg) (B ). The line represents the median. ***P < 0.0001.