Fig. 6. Liver and kidney function at the end of 2-h fluid infusion (phase III). (A ) ALT. (B ) AST. (C ) BUN. (D ) Crea. Data are expressed as mean +/−SD (n = 10). ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; Crea = serum creatinine; HES = hydroxyethyl starch; LR = lactated Ringer's solution; MAP = mean arterial blood pressure; WB = whole blood. 50, 70, and 90 in x-axis means maintaining MAP at 50, 70, and 90 mmHg with LR, HES, or LR+HES and LR+whole blood. *P < 0.05. **P < 0.01 versus  50 mmHg group in the same fluid groups. [Combining Circumflex Accent] P < 0.05. [Combining Circumflex Accent][Combining Circumflex Accent] P < 0.01 versus  70 mmHg group in the same fluid groups. +P < 0.05, ++P < 0.01 versus  the same MAP level of the LR group.