Fig. 13. Tail clamping does not affect spatial memory 3 months after tissue injury under anesthesia. Escape latencies were similar between sevoflurane-treated groups that were tail-clamped and not tail-clamped during anesthesia at postnatal day 7. The effect of delayed environmental enrichment on short-term memory escape latency 3 months after anesthesia (see fig. 10) persists both in the tail-clamped and the not-tail-clamped groups. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc  corrections. EE = enriched environment; NH = normal housing; n.s. = not significant; Sevo = sevoflurane.