Fig. 5. Illustration of hypothetical pathways or mechanisms mediating the effects of sevoflurane, aldosterone, oxytocin, and bumetanide. + = stimulation; − = inhibition; BBB = blood-brain barrier; EEG = electroencephalogram; GABAAR = γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors; NKCC1 = the Na+–K+–2Cl−cotransporter; PPI = prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response. See text for details.