(A-D) Forest plots comparing pain score reduction to injection for epidural nonsteroid and nonepidural injections. Three studies included treatment injections besides steroid (autologous conditioned serum [Becker⁷⁴ ], etanercept [Cohen⁷⁸ , Cohen³⁷ ]). For risk of bias ratings, “0” = low methodological quality while “1” = adequate methodological quality. ENSI = epidural nonsteroid injection; ESI = epidural steroid injection; MD = mean difference; NEI = nonepidural injection.