Isoflurane induces interleukin (IL)-11 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein synthesis in human kidney proximal tubule (HK-2) cells. (A and B) IL-11 mRNA measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in HK-2 cells treated with 0–2.5% isoflurane for 6 h (A; N = 6) or 2.5% isoflurane for 0–6 h (B, N = 6). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA expression was quantified to normalize lane loading. Data are presented as means ± SD. *P < 0.05 versus IL-11 mRNA measured after 0% isoflurane treatment (A) or at 0 h (B). (C) Isoflurane increases IL-11 protein (pg/ml) in cell culture media from HK-2 cells (N = 6). HK-2 cells were treated with 2.5% isoflurane or with carrier gas for 6 or 16 h. *P < 0.05 versus carrier gas–treated group.