Fig. 11.
Propofol’s inhibitory effect on microglia activation does not depend on γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor. Primary microglia cells were preincubated with 400 mΜ picrotoxin for 30 min before treatment with propofol. (A) The interlukin (IL)-1β and (B) nitric oxide (NO) release from the supernatant as well as the intracellular (C) reactive oxygen species (ROS) production at 24 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation were evaluated. Values represent mean ± SEM. ###P < 0.001 versus control. ***P < 0.01 versus LPS group. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA with Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test. (D–F) Primary microglia cells were preincubated with muscimol, bicuculline for 30 min before stimulated with or without LPS. (D) The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and (E) NO release from the supernatant as well as the (F) intracellular ROS production at 24 h after LPS stimulation were evaluated. Neither picrotoxin nor muscimol affected the microglial responses to LPS stimulation. N = 6 independent measurements.